Firewall Modes on Cisco ASA

Which are the two modes of Cisco ASA firewall

Routed and Transparent

What is the default mode of Cisco ASA

Routed

Routed Mode

How ASA acts in routed mode

As a router hop in the network

What are the features of routed mode

• Support many interfaces
• Each interface requires an IP address
• Each interface belong to different subnet

Can we share interfaces between contexts

Yes

Which routing protocol supported in single context routed mode

OSPF, EIGRP and RIP

Which routing protocol supported in multiple context routed mode

Static routes only

Transparent firewall

Does transparent firewall acts a router hop in the network

No

What is transparent firewall

Layer 2 firewall

What are the other names for transparent firewall

Bump in the wire or stealth firewall

Does transparent firewall seen as a router hop in tht network

No

What are the features of transparent firewall

• Connect same network on inside and outside interface
• No need to configure IP address on interfaces
• Both interface belong to same subnet

What is the benefit of using transparent firewall

Easy to deploy into an existing network

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Flash Cards

Cisco ASA Firewall Modes » ProProfs

EIGRP Operations

Which tables supported in EIGRP router

Support three tables

Neighbor table

Topology table

Routing table

EIGRP operation is based on these three tables

What information contained neighbor table

Set of neighbors with which EIGRP router has established adjacencies

What is the command to display neighbor table

Show ip eigrp neighbor

How neighbor routers are characterized

By their primary IP address and the directly connected interface that leads to them

What does topology table contain

All destination routes advertised by the neighbor routers

Each entry in topology table associated with a list of neighbor that have advertised the destination

For each neighbor, an advertised metric is recorded in the topology table

What is the command to display topology table

Show ip eigrp topology

What is routing table

Table has best routes to destination

What is the command to display routing table

Show ip route eigrp

1) The route with the best metric to the destination is called the ______

Where successor or best path is placed

Routing table

Advertised to neighbor router

Neighbor process

R1 sends hello packets on all EIGRP enabled interfaces

R2 receive the hello packet on its interface

  R2 reply with update packets

  Update packets contain all routes from R2 routing table

  Routes learned via split horizon not included into update

R2 send update packet to R1

  Neighbor relationship is not established until R2 sends a hello packet to R1

Update packet from R2 has initialization bit set

  Indicate the initialization process

Update packet include routes and metric for each destination

Both R1 and R2 have exchanged hello packets

  Neighbor adjacency is established

R1 replies to R2 with ACK packet

  Indicate that update packet is received

R1 assimilates all the update packet in its topology table

 Topology table include all the destination that are advertised by neighbor router

R1 send update packet to R2

R2 send an ACK packet to R1

R1 and R2 successfully exchange update packets

R1 and R2 will update their routing tables with successor routes from topology table

1)  Successor

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EIGRP Features

Which features are similar between IGRP and EIGRP

High speed convergence

Partial updates

Support multiple network layer protocols

What is the first step in configuring EIGRP

Establish EIGRP neighbor relationship

Which is the older version of EIGRP

IGRP

What are the features of EIGRP that distinguish from other routing protocols

Fast convergence

Support variable length subnet masking VLSM

Partial updates

Support multiple network layer protocols

1) EIGRP is a _____ protocol

2) EIGRP combines the features of ____ and ______ routing protocols

3) EIGRP is a ______ routing protocol

What are the benefits of using EIGRP

Easy to configure

Adaptable to wide variety of network topologies

Dynamic neighbor discovery

Provide rapid convergence

Loop free topology

4) EIGRP is an _____ IGRP

Which algorithm used by EIGRP to achieve rapid convergence

DUAL diffusing update algorithm

5) A router running EIGRP stores its neighbors’______

What happen if there is no appropriate route in the local routing table and no appropriate backup in the topology table

EIGRP send queries to its neighbors to discover an alternative route

6) EIGRP sends_____ updates

Does EIGRP router send periodic updates

No

When updates are send by EIGRP router

When the path or the metric for a route change

Update contain information about only the changed link rather the entire routing table

7) EIGRP consumes significantly ______ than IGRP

8) EIGRP supports IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6) using _______

9) For communication between routers, EIGRP uses ____ and _____ rather than broadcast

Which is the multicast address used by EIGRP

IPv4 is 224.0.0.10,

IPv6 is FF00::A

10) EIGRP is a ____ routing protocol

Which information is advertised for each destination

Subnet mask

Enables EIGRP to support discontinuous sub networks and VLSM

11) EIGRP represents metric values in a ______

12) EIGRP supports ______ load balancing

Why EIGRP uses RTP or reliable transfer protocol

For reliable exchange of information

What is the protocol number of EIGRP

88

What is reliable transport protocol

Acknowledgment require from the receiving router

Packet should be delivered in order

Include sequence number in the packet for ordered delivery

Which packets are delivered reliably or un-reliably

Updates require reliable delivery

Queries and Replies require reliable delivery

Hello packets does not require reliable delivery

Acknowledgment ACKs are hello packet with no data not require reliable delivery

1) Cisco proprietary

2) Link state , distance vector

3) Distance vector

4) Enhanced

5)  Routing tables

6)  Partial triggered

7) Less bandwidth

8) Protocol-Dependent Modules

9) Multicast, Unicast

10) Classless

11) 32 bit format

12) Unequal Metric

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Multicast Addresses

IP multicast address	Description
224.0.0.4	Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
224.0.0.5	OSPF
224.0.0.6	OSPF DR
224.0.0.9	The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Version 2
224.0.0.10	The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
224.0.0.13	Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) Version 2
224.0.0.18	Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP)
224.0.0.19–21	IS-IS over IP
224.0.0.22	Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) version 3[2]
224.0.0.102	Hot Standby Router Protocol version 2 (HSRPv2) / Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP)
224.0.0.107	Precision Time Protocol (PTP) version 2
224.0.0.251	Multicast DNS (mDNS) address
224.0.0.252	Link-local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) address
224.0.1.41	H.323 Gatekeeper discovery address
239.255.255.250	Simple Service Discovery Protocol address
239.255.255.253	Service Location Protocol version 2 address

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Types of Traffic

1) Routing protocols use different ______to control how routing information is exchanged

Which are the different types of traffic

Unicast

Multicast

Anycast

Broadcast

  

What is unicast traffic

One to one context

Exchanged only between one sender and one receiver

What is multicast traffic

Identify a group of interfaces

Traffic sent to multiple destinations at the same time

Interface may belong to any number of multicast group

What is the reserved address space for multicast

IPV4 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255

IPV6 has prefix FF00::/8

  

What is anycast

Network addressing and routing methodology

Traffic send from a single sender to topologically nearest node in a group

All receivers are identified by same destination address

  

What is broadcast traffic

Traffic send to all devices in the subnet

Traffic send by one sender to all connected receivers

Local broadcast address 255.255.255.255

Used for communicating with all devices in the local network

2) IPv6 does not use a ____, but uses ___ addresses

3) Any cast addressing uses a ___ association

4) Broadcast addressing uses a ____ association

5) Multicast addressing uses a ____ association

6) Unicast addressing uses a ___ association

Answers Below

1) traffic types

2) broadcast address, multicast

3) one-to-nearest

4) one-to-many

5) one-to-unique many

6) one-to-one

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Types of Routing Protocols

Which are the different types of routing protocol

Distance Vector

Link state

Path vector

How routing protocols are classified

Based on kind information about network reachability is exchanged between the routers

Distance Vector protocol

What is distance vector protocol

Determines direction (vector) and distance (link cost or number of hops) to any links in the network

How distance vector uses router

As a signpost

What does signpost indicates

Direction ad distance

Give no direction about the type of path

Which information routers know about remote network in distance vector protocol

Distance or metric to reach the network 

Path or interface to reach there

1) Distance vector routing protocols do not have an ____ of the network topology

How updates are shared in distance vector protocol

RIPV1 and IGRP send update periodically

EIGRP and RIPV2 uses triggered update

Link State protocols

Which algorithm use by link state protocol

Shortest Path First

2) A link-state routing protocol is like having a _____ of the network topology

How map is used by link state protocols

Determine the best path

3) All link-state routers have an _____ of the network

Which information used by link state protocol to create topology map and to select best path to all destination network

Link state information

Which are the types of link state protocol

OSPF and IS-IS

Path Vector Protocol

What information is exchanged by path vector routers

Information about the existence of destination networks

Exchanges the path on how to reach the destination

4) _______ is used to determine the best paths and to prevent routing loops

5) Path vector protocols do not have an ___of the network topology

6) Path vector protocols use ____ indicating direction and distance

Which is the type of path vector protocol

BGP

1) actual map

2) complete map

3) identical “map”

4) Path information

5) abstract 

6) signposts

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FD, RD,FS in EIGRP

What is feasible distance

Best metric along a path to a destination network, including the metric to the neighbor advertising that path

What is reported distance

Reported distance is the total metric along a path to a destination network as advertised by an upstream neighbor

What is feasible successor

A feasible successor is a path whose reported distance is less than the feasible distance (current best path)

 

How many routes are available for router One to reach Network A

Two routes

Through router 4 and through three

What are the cost to reach network a from router four and three

The route through Router Four has a cost of 46277376

The route through Router Three has a cost of 20307200

What is the reported distance from router four and three

Reported distance of 307200

Metric to get to Network A from Router Four

Metric to get to Network A from Router Three

Reported distance of 307200

Which path would be chosen by router one to reach network A

Path through router three

Path through router three is feasible distance

Does router one considered path through router four as feasible successor

Yes

Reported distance to network A through Router Four is less than the feasible distance

What happen when a link between router one and router three goes down

Router one has a feasible successor through Router Four

Uses feasible successor as new feasible distance

Network converges

We have following network

How many routes are available from router one to reach network A

Two routes

One through router four with a metric of 20307200
Another through router two with a metric of  46789376

What would be the feasible distance to reach network A from router one

Path through router four

Does path through router two qualifies as the feasible successor

Reported distance from Router Two is 46277376, which is higher than the feasible distance - so this path is not a feasible successor

How many path would be seen in the topology table of router one using show ip eigrp topology command

Only path through router four

Which command can we use to see path that are not feasible successor

show ip eigrp topology all-links

What happen if a link between router one and router four goes down

Router one has only one path to reach network a

Send queries to each of its neighbors

Send query to router two

Router two has route to network A

Router two respond to query

Router four accept the path through router two to network A

EIGRP Metric

 

What is the default metric used by eigrp router

Minimum bandwidth on the path and the total delay

How bandwidth and delay are determined

Determined from values configured on the interfaces of router in the path to the destination network

  

How many paths router one has to reach network A

It has two path

Through router four and through router three

What is the bandwidth and delay configured through router four

Minimum bandwidth 56

Total delay 2000

What is the minimum bandwidth and delay configured through router three

Minimum bandwidth 128

Total delay 1000

Which path will be chosen by router one

Path with lowest metric

Which formula used by eigrp to scale bandwidth

Bandwidth =  (10000000/bandwidth(i)) * 256

Where bandwidth(i) least bandwidth to destination and represented in kilobits

Which formula used by eigrp to scale delay

Delay = delay(i) * 256

Where delay(i) is the sum of the delays configured on the interfaces to destination and represented in ten microseconds

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How delay are represented in show ip eigrp topology or show interface command

In microseconds

We need divide delay by 10 before we use it on the formula

Which formula used by eigrp to scale total metric to destination network

Metric = ([K1 * bandwidth + (K2 * bandwidth) / (256 - load) + K3 * delay] * [K5 / (reliability + K4)]) * 256

What is the importance of using k value

Must be used carefully

Mismatch k values prevent neighbor relationship from being built and will not converge network

What would be the formula if k5 = 0

Metric = ([k1 * bandwidth + (k2 * bandwidth)/(256 - load) + k3 * delay]) * 256.

What is the default k values

The default values for K are:

K1 = 1

K2 = 0

K3 = 1

K4 = 0

K5 = 0

What would be the formula with default k values

Metric = bandwidth + delay

Does cisco routers uses floating point number

No

  

In the above network, what would be the total cost through router four

Minimum bandwidth = 56k

Total delay = 100 + 100 + 2000 = 2200

[(10000000/56) + 2200] x 256 = (178571 + 2200) x 256 = 180771 x 256 = 46277376 

What would be the total cost through router three

Minimum bandwidth = 128k

Total delay = 100 + 100 + 1000 = 1200

Bandwidth = [(10000000/128) + 1200] x 256 = (78125 + 1200) x 256 = 79325 x 256 = 20307200 

Metric = 20307200  + 1200

  

Which path will be chosen by router one to reach network A

Router one will choose path through router three

Path through router three has lowest metric

Different Types of Router Memory

Which are the different types of Router memory

ROM

Flash Memory

RAM

NVRAM

What is ROM

Available on router's processor board

Store initial bootstraps software

Maintain instruction for POST diagnostics

What is flash memory

Contain full operating system image

Electronically erasable and re-programmable memory

Allow us to upgrade the IOS without removing flash memory from system

Retain content when router is powered down or restarted

What is RAM

Loses information when router is shutdown or restarted

Hold running configuration

 Such as arp cache, routing table

Temporary memory

Perform packet buffering

What is NVRAM

Store startup configuration file

Fast memory

Retain content when the router is restarted

IOS reads startup config when the route boots up

OSPF Versus RIP

Which is the type of OSPF protocol

Interior gateway protocol

How OSPF is used

To distribute routing information within single AS

Which technology used by OSPF

Link state technology

Which new concept has been introduced in OSPF

• Authentication of routing updates
• Variable length Subnet Mask VLSM
• Route summarization

OSPF versus RIP

What is the maximum hop counts supported by RIP

15

Does RIP support VLSM

No

How RIP send updates

Periodic broadcast of full routing table

Consume a large amount of bandwidth

1) RIP converges _____ than OSPF

Which concept RIP does not support

Network delay and lick costs

How routing decision done by RIP

Based on hop counts

Which path is preferred in RIP?

Path with a lowest hop count to a destination

What is the drawback of selecting path based on hop count

Longer path having better bandwidth and less delay not preferred

2) RIP networks are ___ networks

Does RIP network support areas or boundaries

No

Which enhancement were introduced in RIP version 2

VLSM , authentication and multicast routing updates

What are limitation with RIP version 2

Routing decision on hop counts

Slow convergence

Is there any limitation of hop count on OSPF network

No

How OSPF send link state updates

Using multicast address

When OSPF send updates

In case routing changes

Does OSPF routers send periodic updates?

no

3)OSPF has better ____ than RIP

How OSPF network is design

Logical divided into areas

Hierarchical design

What is the advantage of logically dividing network into areas

Limits link state updates

What are the various features of OSPF

• Routing authentication based on various method
• Provide better load balancing
• Transfer and tagging of external routes injected in to an Autonomous System
• Keep track of external routes injected by protocol like BGP 

Answer

1) Slower

2) Flat

3) Convergence


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VTP Modes

Which are the three VTP modes

Server

Client

Transparent

What functions can be performed in server mode

Create, modify and delete VLANs

Specify configurations parameter such as VTP version and VTP pruning for the entire VTP domain

Advertises VLAN configuration to other network devices in same VTP domain

Synchronize VLAN configuration with other network devices

1) VTP ____ is the default mode

What are functions available on client mode

Behave same as server mode

Cannot create, change or delete VLANs

What is transparent mode

Do not participate in VTP

Does not advertise its own VLAN configuration

Does not synchronize its VLAN based on received advertisement

Forward VTP advertisement received on their trunk link

Answer 

1) Server

VTP Domain

what is VTP 

layer 2 messaging protocol

why we use VTP

We use VTP to maintain VLAN configuration consistency

How we maintain vlan configuration consistency

By managing the addition, deletion and renaming of vlans within a VTP domain

what is VTP domain

Made up of one or more network devices 

All devices in same VTP domain share same VTP domain name

what are the benefits of using VTP

• Minimizes misconfiguration
• Configuration consistencies
• Prevent number of problems such as duplicate vlan names, incorrect vlan type specification and security violations

VTP domain

What is VTP domain

Made up of one or more interconnected network devices

All devices share same VTP domain name

1) A network device can be configured to be in ________ domain

What is the default VTP mode

Server mode

What is the default domain name

Set to null 

When VTP domain name on a switch changes

Receives an advertisement for a domain over a trunk link

We manually configure domain name

what happen when switch receives a VTP advertisment over a trunk link

Inherits management domain name and VTP configuration revision number

what happen when a change is made on the VTP server switch

Change is propagated to all network devices in the VTP domain

2) VTP advertisement are transmitted out all _______ and ________trunk connections

Answer 

1) Only One VTP

2) inter-switch link,  IEEE 802.1Q

Finite State Machine

BGP Attributes Classification

BUY BGP Part 1 Flash CardBasic BGPeBGP and iBGPNeighbor formation

 

BGP Part 1